Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.2021,12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3
: cytotoxicity; ion release; RAW264.7macrophagecellline; silica coating; upconversion nanoparticles; Introduction
Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) convert excitation radiation with long wavelengths to a short-wavelength emission. Since biological molecules do not have an upconversion mechanism, imaging